If you don’t check your mail for a while, at some point the mailbox will begin to overflow.  The problem is increasing at the Western Wall with more and more visitors placing notes in the cracks between the stones.  Authorities are now considering adding a third annual clean-up.  From the Jerusalem Post:

Armed with wooden poles, Western Wall employees on Wednesday removed millions of handwritten notes, faxes and email printouts from between the ancient stones. The Western Wall Heritage Foundation, which gives the Kotel such a face-lift twice a year – before the upcoming Passover and ahead of the Jewish New Year – are considering a third annual clean-up, due to the growing influx of requests and notes.
The notes will be placed in a repository in accordance with Jewish law, with the laborers – working under the supervision of Western Wall and Holy Sites Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz – taking care to not read their content.

The full story is here.

Western Wall men cleaning out prayers6, tb090402880

Removing prayer notes from the Western Wall
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Various articles posted at the Bible and Interpretation in the last month have drawn my eye.  Some I hoped to interact with here, but as time passes, I realize it may just be best to point you directly to them.

Why the fishing town Bethsaida is not found along the shore of the Sea of Galilee.  Fred Strickert explains that the reason why et-Tell (aka “Bethsaida”) is today distant from the Sea of Galilee is silting by the Jordan River.  He also wonders if the site may have been elevated by seismic activity since biblical times.  El-Araj is not a viable candidate for Bethsaida, he says, because the site was not settled in the first century.

From the Seal of a Seer to an Inscribed Game Board: A Catalog of Eleven Early Alphabetic Inscriptions Recently Discovered in Egypt and Palestine.  This article by Gordon J. Hamilton considers three new inscriptions from the Middle Bronze, one from the Late Bronze, and seven from the Early Iron Age (including inscriptions from Gath, Tel Zayit, Tel Rehov, Beth Shemesh, and Kh. Qeiyafa).  The bibliographic data alone is very useful.  With regard to the Gath ostracon, note Maeir’s response.

On Archaeology, Forgeries and Public Awareness: The “James Brother of Jesus” Ossuary in Retrospect.  Gideon Avni believes that the obviously forged inscriptions of the James Ossuary and Jehoash Tablet will be regarded as little more than a footnote in history books.  Since a number of scholars consider the case to still be open, this article unfairly denigrates other conclusions by acting as if they don’t exist.

Zedekiah Cave or the Quarries of King Solomon in Jerusalem: A Subsurface Stone Quarry for Building the Second Temple by King Herod.  Zeev Lewy of the Geological Survey of Israel has written a fascinating report suggesting reasons why Herod’s engineers selected a certain type of stone for use in the Temple Mount.  This also explains why the massive quarry was accessed through a single small entrance.

The Bible and Interpretation has many other recent articles, and they now also have a mechanism for supporting their work.

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The April issue of the Smithsonian magazine features a well-researched article by Joshua Hammer on the Temple Mount Sifting Project.  The article weaves the history of the Temple Mount with an account of the archaeological project headed by Gabriel Barkay and Zachi Zweig.  The report has much of interest, and I recommend reading the whole.  Even those very familiar with the issues will likely learn something new.  A few brief quotes may stir your interest:

“That earth was saturated with the history of Jerusalem,” says Eyal Meiron, a historian at the Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Eretz Israel. “A toothbrush would be too large for brushing that soil, and they did it with bulldozers.” Yusuf Natsheh, the Waqf’s chief archaeologist, was not present during the operation. But he told the Jerusalem Post that archaeological colleagues had examined the excavated material and had found nothing of significance. The Israelis, he told me, were “exaggerating” the value of the found artifacts. And he bristled at the suggestion the Waqf sought to destroy Jewish history. “Every stone is a Muslim development,” he says. “If anything was destroyed, it was Muslim heritage.” […] Barkay says some discoveries provide tangible evidence of biblical accounts. Fragments of terra-cotta figurines, from between the eighth and sixth centuries B.C., may support the passage in which King Josiah, who ruled during the seventh century, initiated reforms that included a campaign against idolatry. Other finds challenge long-held beliefs. For example, it is widely accepted that early Christians used the Mount as a garbage dump on the ruins of the Jewish temples. But the abundance of coins, ornamental crucifixes and fragments of columns found from Jerusalem’s Byzantine era (A.D. 380–638) suggest that some public buildings were constructed there. Barkay and his colleagues have published their main findings in two academic journals in Hebrew, and they plan to eventually publish a book-length account in English. But Natsheh, the Waqf’s chief archaeologist, dismisses Barkay’s finds because they were not found in situ in their original archaeological layers in the ground. “It is worth nothing,” he says of the sifting project, adding that Barkay has leapt to unwarranted conclusions in order to strengthen the Israeli argument that Jewish ties to the Temple Mount are older and stronger than those of the Palestinians. “This is all to serve his politics and his agenda,” Natsheh says. […] Barkay and I get into my car and drive toward Mount Scopus. I ask him about Natsheh’s charge that the sifting project is infused with a political agenda. He shrugs. “Sneezing in Jerusalem is an intensely political activity. You can do it to the right, to the left, on the face of an Arab or a Jew. Whatever you do, or don’t do, is political.”

You have to love Natsheh’s logic.  He allowed the removal of the evidence and now claims that Barkay’s work is worthless because the material wasn’t found in situ!  The full article begins here.

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If you’ve ever been lost in the streets of Jerusalem, you may not be surprised to learn that the race leaders of the first Jerusalem marathon took a wrong turn and finished the race at the “wrong finish line.”  From the Jerusalem Post:

The first runner to arrive at the actual finish line was Kenyan Robert Cheruiyot with a time of 2:27:48, but later on Raymond Kipkoechh, 34, of Kenya was announced as the official winner with a time of 2:26:44 after apparently going off the course and arriving at the finish line of the half-marathon in a different location. […] 1,500 people began the 26.2 mile (42 kilometer) race at 7am, followed by over 8,000 half-marathoners and 10k-competitors an hour later. Two jazz bands played while runners were completing their final preparations at the start.

Maps of the courses are available online (full marathon, half marathon, and 10k).  The official website gives more details and starts the countdown to next year’s marathon on March 16.

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"A small portion of the Western Wall of the Temple Mount is exposed in a courtyard in the Muslim Quarter.  The government of Israel has now declared that it is not subject to the protections given to a “holy site.”  From Arutz-7:

The State’s representatives have determined that the "Kotel HaKatan" ("Small Kotel" or "Small Wailing Wall"), a wall which is a continuation of the Kotel in Jerusalem, is not a holy site. The statement was submitted to the court as part of the reply to a damages lawsuit filed by a group of Jews who prayed at the Small Kotel on Rosh HaShana of 5767 (2006). One member of the group, Elihu Kleiman, was arrested after he blew the ram’s horn, or shofar. The group of Jews who sued for damages also said they were beaten by police, who denied them their freedom to worship at a holy site.
The "Small Kotel" is nothing but "an inner courtyard of several residential homes in the Muslim quarter," the State determined in its response. Like the Kotel, the Kotel HaKatan is an exposed face of the original western wall of the Temple Mount, built by King Herod over 2,000 years ago. However, compared to its famous "bigger brother," the Small Wall is less accessible and looks less impressive: it is barely 10 meters long, less of its height has been exposed and its plaza is much narrower.

The story continues here.  Leen Ritmeyer has commented about the site previously here.

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It’s a bit risky to suggest that a book you have not read or even seen is in the top-ten must-have books on Jerusalem, but I’m willing to be so bold in the case of Ronny Reich’s new book, Excavating the City of David.  Given how quickly Jerusalem’s history “changes” as new archaeological discoveries are made, it is not all that daring to suggest that the newest book is one of the most important.  But I believe that the book will be a classic on the subject because it is written by the lead excavator of the longest running excavations ever in the City of David.  Ronny Reich, Excavating the City of David

Since 1995, Reich has been working with Eli Shukrun in numerous areas throughout the most ancient portion of the city of Jerusalem. 

They have excavated the area of the Gihon Spring where they discovered the Spring and Pool Towers.  They cleared and re-dated the Siloam Channel and made new discoveries concerning the origin of Warren’s Shaft.  In 2004, Reich and Shukrun discovered and revealed the first-century Pool of Siloam.  In recent years, they have excavated the ancient street leading from the pool to the Temple Mount.

Sixteen years of often year-round excavation far exceeds the seven years of Kathleen Kenyon’s work (1961-67) or the eight years of Yigal Shiloh (1978-85). Reich also benefits from learning from the history of many dozens of excavations in Jerusalem (good and bad), and he has the latest archaeological tools to guide his research.


Excavating the City of David is published by the Israel Exploration Society and includes 384 pages and 207 illustrations.  The book has two major sections (see details below in table of contents).  The first reviews the history of excavation in the last 150 years.  The second is a brief history of the City of David.  The work collects the findings published in various articles (Hebrew and English) over the last 15 years, and it almost certainly includes new data and interpretations of the latest finds.

This book will be a major reference in the field for decades to come.  It is available now for about $50 from the Biblical Archaeology Society and as a pre-order from Eisenbrauns.  (It is not listed at Amazon.)


Table of Contents:

Introduction

The City of David–the archaeologists’ creation

The City of David: The History of its Excavation and Study

The Gihon Spring and the pool

Under Ottoman rule

  • Charles Warren
  • Charles Clermont-Ganneau
  • Conrad Schick and the discovery of the Siloam Inscription
  • Hermann Guthe, Conrad Schick and the discovery of Channel II
  • E. Masterman and C.A. Hornstein and Channel I
  • Frederick Jones Bliss and Archibald Dickie
  • Montague B. Parker and Father Louis H. Vincent
  • Raymond Weill

During the British mandatory period

  • The International Excavation Project
  • Robert A.S. Macalister and J. Garrow Duncan
  • John Winter Crowfoot and Gerald M. Fitzgerald

During the period of the divided city (1948-1967)

  • Kathleen M. Kenyon

After reunification of Jerusalem in June 1967

  • David Ussishkin and the survey of tombs in Silwan
  • David Adan-Bayewitz and Yigal Shiloh
  • Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron
  • Some small-scale excavations
  • Eilat Mazar
  • Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets

Summary

What next?

A Brief History of the City of David

  • Early days
  • The first city—in the Middle Bronze Age II
  • The Late Bronze Age: “My king has caused his name to dwell in the Land of Jerusalem forever”
  • Biblical traditions: David, Solomon and the United Monarchy
  • Some geographical-historical issues
  • Text vs. pottery sherd
  • The kingdom of Judah
  • The return from Babylonian exile
  • The Early Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods
  • The southern City of David in the Herodian period
  • The Roman destruction of the city
  • The Late Roman period
  • The Byzantine period, the Church of Siloam
  • The Early Islamic period and the renewal of Jewish settlement in the southern part of the city
  • The Middle Ages—The Mameluke period and the reopening of the spring
  • The Ottoman period

Epilogue

Acknowledgements

Appendices

Chronological Table

Selected bibliography

Index

Index of textual references

Illustration credits

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